Research Paper
Ring0: A Formally Verified L1 Blockchain
The First Layer-1 with a Unified Cryptographic Foundation
Abstract
ring0 is the first Layer-1 blockchain with its entire cryptographic stack built on a single unified mathematical foundation. Four interdependent pillars (MLE-DB for state storage, Jolt Pro GR for zero-knowledge execution, Optimum for bandwidth-optimal networking, and HSS-CoFHE for privacy-preserving proving) share a common architecture via the Butterfly Duality. The The result: 2,929× more efficient state, 3,506× faster privacy, and >1.1M TPS.
Author
Rexbit Exchange Team
Institution
Rexbit Exchange Research
Protocol
Asynchronous State Transition Network (ASTN)
Table of Contents
Introduction
Why ring0 Exists and What It Solves
Architecture Overview
Multi-Core World Computer with Heterogeneous Validation
Cryptographic Sovereignty
From Belief to Knowledge — Eliminating the Optimistic Gap
MLE-DB
ZK-Native State Storage
Jolt Pro GR
Zero-Knowledge Execution Engine
Optimum
Bandwidth-Optimal Networking
HSS-CoFHE
Privacy-Preserving Collaborative Proving
Conclusion
The First L1 Blockchain on a Unified Algebraic Foundation
Key Results
2,929×
Fewer Constraints
3,506×
FHE Speedup
>1.1M
TPS
Verified
Formal Proofs
128-bit
Soundness