Research Paper
A Unified Cryptographic L1 Blockchain
The First Layer-1 with a Unified Cryptographic Foundation
Abstract
The first Layer-1 with its whole cryptographic stack on one mathematical foundation. Four pillars, one ground: MLE-DB for state, Jolt Pro GR for execution, Optimum for networking, HSS-CoFHE for privacy. The result: 2,929× fewer proving constraints, 3,506× faster privacy, and >1.1M TPS.
Table of Contents
I→II→III→IV→V→VI→VII→VIII→
Introduction
Why ring0 Exists and What It Solves
Architecture Overview
Multi-Core World Computer with Heterogeneous Validation
MLE-DB
ZK-Native State Storage
Jolt Pro GR
Zero-Knowledge Execution Engine
APEX
Parallel Execution Engine
HSS-CoFHE
Privacy-Preserving Collaborative Proving
Optimum
Bandwidth-Optimal Networking
Conclusion
The First L1 Blockchain on a Unified Algebraic Foundation
Key Results
2,929×
Fewer Constraints
3,506×
FHE Speedup
>1.1M
TPS
Verified
Formal Proofs
128-bit
Soundness